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The Court of Appeal has offered useful guidance on the issues-based approach to costs orders and on determining the joint liability of partnerships.

The claimant brought a claim against a property partnership. One of the two partners had acted in breach of his fiduciary duties. The question was whether both partners were jointly and severally liable in respect of the partner’s breach of fiduciary duties. The claimant had also brought a negligence claim.

The Court of Appeal found joint and several liability and ruled as follows:

• Following Dubai Aluminium Co Limited v Salaam & Ors [2003] 2 AC 366, authority was not the touchstone for partnership liability. The touchstone was the connection between the wrongful conduct and the acts the partner was authorised to do, and in particular whether the wrongful conduct may fairly and properly be regarded as done by the partner while acting in the ordinary course of the business of the partnership. As the partner in breach of fiduciary duties had been carrying out the work for which the partnership had been contracted, he had been acting in the course of the partnership’s business. However, the negligence claim against the partnership failed.
• The judge had adopted an issues-based approach to costs. However, this approach did not achieve a fair balance between the claimant’s overall success and its failure on the negligence issue. The starting point should be that the successful party was entitled to its costs, and success was generally indicated by which party had to pay money to the other. In all the circumstances, the justice of the case was met by an award to the claimant of 50% of its costs of the action and the appeal, to be borne jointly and severally by the defendants.

The Northampton Regional Livestock Centre Company Ltd v Cowling and another [2015] EWCA Civ 651, 30 June 2015

The EU Commission has recently launched a European-wide study on the service of documents in EU Member States.

The study is being carried out by a consortium led by the University of Florence, the University of Uppsala and DMI, a French consulting firm. The Commission is particularly interested in understanding the existing disparities between the national regimes on service of documents that might constitute an obstacle to the proper functioning of Regulation 1393/2007 on the service of documents. The focus of the study is on domestic service of documents.

Those who wish to participate can answer an online questionnaire or download a copy.

The Supreme Court has held that under the UK/US Double Taxation Convention a US resident was entitled to double taxation relief on income he remitted to the UK from the US.

The question was whether the UK tax was “computed by reference to the same profits or income by reference to which the United States tax is computed”. During the relevant period the appellant was a member of a Delaware limited liability company (“the LLC”), classified as a partnership for US tax purposes, and was liable to US federal and state taxes on his share of the profits. He remitted the balance to the UK and was liable to UK income tax on the amounts remitted as “income arising from possessions outside the UK”, subject to any double taxation relief. The respondents decided that he was not entitled to double taxation relief as the income taxed in the US was not his own, but that of the LLC.

The Supreme Court unanimously held for the appellant as follows:

• Under the Convention it was necessary to identify the profits or income by reference to which the taxpayer’s UK tax liability was computed, primarily a question of UK tax law. Next one should identify the profits or income from sources within the US on which US tax was payable under the laws of the US and in accordance with the Convention. That was primarily a question of US tax law. Then it was necessary to compare the profits or income in each case and decide whether they were the same.
• The members of the LLC had an interest in the profits of the LLC as they arose. The appellant was therefore entitled to the share of the profits allocated to him, rather than receiving a transfer of profits previously vested in the LLC. Consequently, his “income arising” in the US was his share of the profits. That was the income liable to tax under UK law, to the extent that it was remitted to the UK. The appellant’s liability to UK tax was therefore computed by reference to the same income as was taxed in the US. Accordingly he qualified for double taxation relief.

Anson v Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs [2015] UKSC 44, 1 July 2015

An Implementing Regulation on the functionality of the online dispute resolution platform for consumer disputes has been published in the Official Journal.

By way of background, Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 provides for the establishment of an online dispute resolution platform at EU level. The ODR platform is intended to take the form of an interactive and multilingual website. This would provide a single point of entry to consumers and traders seeking to resolve out-of-court disputes concerning contractual obligations stemming from online sales and service contracts.

The newly published Implementing Regulation clarifies the modalities for the exercise of the functions of the ODR platform, the modalities of the electronic complaint form and the modalities of the cooperation between ODR contact points in the Member States.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1051 of 1 July 2015

Last week the Supreme Court handed down judgment in Anson (Appellant) v Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (Respondent) [2015] UKSC 44. Anson was a member of a Limited Liability Company (“the LLC”) established in Delaware and paid US Federal and state taxes on the profits he received as a member of the LLC. Anson then remitted the balance of the profits after US tax to the UK. HMRC decided that he was liable to UK income tax, denying his claim to double taxation relief (“DTR”) on the basis that the profits taxed in the US were not his income but that of the LLC. The Supreme Court has now decided this was a violation of article 23(2)(a) of the UK-US Double Taxation Convention 1975 (prohibition of double taxation).

The First Tax Tribunal (“FTT”) had previously looked at the LLC agreement and its governing act and found that the profits of the LLC belonged to the members as they arose. The income had therefore belonged to Anson when it was taxed in the US and Anson was being taxed on the same income in the UK.

The Upper Tribunal reversed the decision of the FTT on the basis that the FTT had found a proprietary interest which was not evident on the facts. According to the Upper Tribunal, in the absence of such a right the profits were owned by the LLC and so Anson was not entitled to any DTR in the UK. The Court of Appeal upheld the Upper Tribunal’s decision but for different reasons, applying Memec plc v Inland Revenue to determine the source of the profits.

The Supreme Court has now agreed with the conclusions of the FTT, rejecting the Court of Appeal’s interpretation of Memec and the findings of the Upper Tribunal.

This article appears in the JHA July 2015 Tax Newsletter, which also features:

1. Summer Budget 2015 by Katy Howard
2. ITC v HMRC: Decision on Permission to Appeal
3. Supreme Court judgment in Rank: VAT on Gaming Machines by Katy Howard

A correlation table regarding the Rules of Procedure of the EU General Court has been published in the Official Journal.

The table indicates, in relation to each Article, paragraph or subparagraph of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of 2 May 1991, as last amended on 19 June 2013, the corresponding Article and, where appropriate, paragraph of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of 4 March 2015, which entered into force on 1 July 2015 (OJ L 105, 23.4.2015, p. 1).

Rules of Procedure of the General Court — Correlation table, OJ C 215/6, 1 July 2015

The Supreme Court has today granted permission to appeal the Court of Appeal judgment in Investment Trust Companies (in liquidation) v Commissioners for HMRC. As discussed in our March 2015 newsletter, the Court of Appeal had previously found that investment trust companies could recover some unlawfully paid VAT from HMRC. A hearing of the ITC case in the Supreme Court should be expected in late 2016 with judgment in early 2017.

This article appears in the JHA July 2015 Tax Newsletter, which also features:

1. Summer Budget 2015 by Katy Howard
2. Supreme Court judgment in Rank: VAT on Gaming Machines by Katy Howard
3. Anson v HMRC – Double Taxation Relief by Christopher Boughton

The Supreme Court has handed down its judgment in Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (Respondent) v The Rank Group Plc (Appellant) [2015] UKSC 48. This case has a long and complex procedural history. The remaining question was whether, during the period 1 October 2002 to 5 December 2005, the takings on a particular category of gaming machines operated by Rank were subject to VAT or exempt. Rank had argued that the difference in treatment between takings from the disputed machines, assuming they were exempt, and other similar machines which were taxable infringed the EU law principle of fiscal neutrality.

With effect from 6 December 2005 the legislation is said to leave no doubt that takings from the disputed machines are taxable from that date. However, prior to that, one of the conditions that rendered the takings from a gaming taxable was that “the element of chance in the game is provided by means of the machine”. In the case of Rank’s machines the element of chance in the disputed machines was provided by a detached random number generator (“RNG”) that was used by several machines.

The Court has dismissed Rank’s appeal. The relevant phrase was “the element of chance in the game is provided by means of the machine”. The element of chance was provided by the player’s action in pressing the button or pulling the lever which interrupted the RNG’s pre-programmed sequence of numbers at a particular moment. The RNG, while a necessary part of the process, responded in an entirely automatic way. It was therefore a fair use of language and consistent with the apparent policy of the legislation to describe the element of chance as provided “by means of” the terminal and not the RNG.

This article appears in the JHA July 2015 Tax Newsletter, which also features:

1. Summer Budget 2015 by Katy Howard
2. ITC v HMRC: Decision on Permission to Appeal
3. Anson v HMRC – Double Taxation Relief by Christopher Boughton

The Chancellor’s Budget delivered to Parliament on 8 July 2015 contained a number of announcements relevant to EU claims and cross border transactions, including:

Retrospective Protection for HMRC from Interest on Unpaid Judgment Debts

Effective on and after 8 July 2015, the normal rate of interest paid by judgment debtors on unpaid judgments (8% p.a.) will no longer apply to HMRC. Instead HMRC will only be required to pay the Bank of England base rate plus 2% p.a. simple when it does not pay a judgment when due. This will apply even to pre-existing debts. HMRC’s special rate is set at below the rate established in the FII and Littlewoods litigation as commensurate with the minimum remedy required by EU law for interest upon repaid VAT and other taxes levied in breach of EU law.

Permanent Non-Dom Status Abolished

Permanent “non-dom” status will be abolished from April 2017. From that date, anyone who has been resident in the UK for 15 of the past 20 years will be deemed UK domiciled for tax purposes. In addition, those who had a domicile in the UK at the date of their birth will revert to having a UK domicile for tax purposes whenever they are resident in the UK, even if under general law they have acquired a domicile in another country. A detailed consultation document on the proposals will be published after the summer recess and a further consultation will follow on the draft legislation which is intended to form part of the 2016 Finance Bill.

Twinned with this is the announcement that the government intends to bring all UK residential property held directly or indirectly by foreign domiciled persons into charge for inheritance tax purposes, even when the property is owned through an indirect structure such as an offshore company or partnership.

Some Other Provisions
(2) losses and surplus expenses of the current year, and
(3) losses and surplus expenses arising in other group companies (group relief).
According to HMRC’s Tax Information and Impact Note, the measure will also amend the rules restricting the use of carried forward losses in Part 14B of CTA 2010 (“tax avoidance involving carried-forward losses”) to “put beyond doubt” that they apply to arrangements involving CFCs.
(2) HMRC will open a time-limited disclosure facility in early 2016, but on tougher terms than the previous offshore disclosure facilities HMRC have operated.
(3) If non-compliant taxpayers continue to conceal their tax affairs, HMRC will enforce tough penalties for offshore evasion through the existing offshore penalty regime, new civil penalties for tax evaders and the new simple criminal offence for failing to declare taxable offshore income and gains.
HMRC will informally consult the professionals affected to develop communications including the points above. Regulations will be made after Royal Assent and after the informal consultation has concluded and are expected to have effect from early 2016.
The Summer Finance Bill 2015 will be published on 15 July 2015.

• Legislation will be introduced to stop losses and other surplus expenses from being set off against the CFC charge on the profits of controlled foreign companies. The measure is intended to prevent the use of the following types of expenses against a CFC charge: (1) losses and surplus expense brought forward from previous years;
• In the 2014 Autumn Statement the Chancellor announced the abolition of the residence rule in consortium relief (which took account of the decision of the CJEU in Case C-80 Felixstowe Dock and Railway Co Ltd), but the changes to the legislation were dropped from the Finance Act 2015. The legislation will be introduced in the Summer Finance Bill 2015 and will have effect for consortium relief claims to group relief for accounting periods beginning on and after 10 December 2014.
• The government will consult on new measures to increase compliance and “tax transparency” in relation to large business tax strategies. These will include the introduction of a “special measures” regime to tackle businesses that persistently adopt “highly aggressive” behaviours including around tax planning, and a voluntary Code of Practice defining the standards HMRC expects large businesses to meet in their relationship with HMRC.
• A package of measures has been announced to tackle offshore tax evasion. The government will take a power in legislation, to have effect on and after the date of Royal Assent to the Summer Finance Bill 2015, under which financial intermediaries, tax advisers and other professionals will be required to notify their customers or clients that: (1) The UK will begin to receive information on offshore accounts in 2017 and will begin to share information with other tax authorities on accounts held in the UK.
• The government will also launch a consultation on the detail of a new General Anti-Abuse Rule penalty.

This article appears in the JHA July 2015 Tax Newsletter, which also features:

1. ITC v HMRC: Decision on Permission to Appeal
2. Supreme Court judgment in Rank: VAT on Gaming Machines by Katy Howard
3. Anson v HMRC – Double Taxation Relief by Christopher Boughton

The High Court has refused to grant interim mandatory injunctive relief in the form of restored access to banking services, where there was a risk that the funds would become available to a Syrian national subject to EU sanctions.

The applicant’s husband was a Syrian national subject to financial sanctions. He paid large sums of money into her Barclays accounts. The bank froze both their accounts. The bank argued that the funds in the applicant’s accounts belonged to, were owned by or controlled by her husband, and were it to unfreeze the accounts, the funds would directly or indirectly become available to her husband or for his benefit.

Picken J held as follows:

• The case was not an unusually sharp and clear one, where it would be right to grant interim mandatory injunctive relief. The court could not have a “high degree of assurance” that at trial Barclays would be unable to show that it had “reasonable cause to suspect” that it was dealing with funds belonging to, or owned or held or controlled by, a designated person. The sizeable payments into the applicant’s account from her husband’s account (as well as into an account held by the applicant with another bank) caused suspicion arising not merely because of the spousal relationship.
• Transferring money out of an account which he must have known would be frozen raised questions as to the husband’s willingness to evade sanctions. The court could not have a “high degree of assurance” that, were Barclays to unfreeze the applicant’s accounts, it would not thereby be making the funds available, directly or indirectly to her husband, or for his benefit.
• The balance of convenience rested firmly on Barclays’ side. The difficulties faced by the applicant due to the freezing of her accounts were outweighed by the risk that, were the injunction granted, Barclays would be committing a criminal offence.

Hmicho v Barclays Bank Plc [2015] EWHC 1757 (QB), 19 June 2015